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President Truman ordered the desegregation of the US Armed Forces in 1948. The Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case was significant because it declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. In Little Rock, Arkansas, the governor refused to comply with the court's ruling and allowed white students to attend a previously all-black school. President Eisenhower ordered federal troops to Little Rock to enforce the court's ruling. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a civil rights leader who believed in nonviolent civil disobedience. Civil disobedience is the refusal to obey certain laws or governmental demands for the purpose of bringing about a change in government policy or legislation. Nonviolence is the practice of refraining from physical violence and verbal abuse in order to achieve a goal. Rosa Parks was a civil rights activist who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger, sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil rights protest in which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregation laws. Jim Crow segregation was a system of laws and customs that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. The Civil Rights Movement challenged Jim Crow segregation by organizing protests, sit-ins, and boycotts. The sit-in that occurred in 1960 was a peaceful protest in which African Americans sat at segregated lunch counters and refused to leave until they were served. The Freedom Rides were a series of civil rights protests in which activists rode interstate buses to challenge segregation laws. The Freedom Riders often faced violence and intimidation from white segregationists.